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This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Rationale Khat consumption has increased during the last decades in Eastern Africa and has become a global phenomenon spreading to ethnic communities in the rest of the world, such as The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Objective We studied whether khat use is associated with changes in working memory WM and cognitive flexibility, two central cognitive control functions.
Methods Khat users and khat-free controls were matched in terms of sex, ethnicity, age, alcohol and cannabis consumption, and IQ Raven's progressive matrices. Result Khat users performed significantly worse than controls on tasks tapping into cognitive flexibility as well as monitoring of information in WM.
Conclusions The present findings suggest that khat use impairs both cognitive flexibility and the updating of information in WM. Introduction The khat plant Catha Edulis is a flowering evergreen tree that grows at high altitudes. Materials and Methods Participants Forty young healthy adults 36 men and 4 women were compensated for their participation.
Table 1 Demographic characteristics and self-reported use of khat and other psychoactive drugs. Open in a separate window. Standard deviations are presented within parentheses. Computerized tasks The tasks used in this study have been previously employed to systematically investigate the neurotoxic effects of recreational MDMA use [30] ; [39] and recreational use of cocaine [42] ; [38].
Task switching flexibility Participants responded to randomly presented rectangles or squares by pressing a left or right response button, respectively. Tasks The results per cognitive task are summarized below and in Table 2. Table 2 Means responses latencies in milliseconds , error rates in percent , and standard deviations of all relevant measures for the N-back task and task switching.
Switch Costs Error Rates: difference in error rates between alternation trials and repetition trials. N-back task Mean RTs and accuracy—with the latter commonly being the more reliable measure in this task—were submitted to independent t-tests, see Table 2 for means.
Correlations To test whether the magnitude of cognitive impairments is proportional to the amount of khat consumed, we computed Pearson correlation coefficients between the individual life time khat exposure, hours chewing and number of bundles used in a khat session and switching costs, as well as accuracy in the n-back task.
Discussion This study tested, for the first time, whether khat use is associated with a detectable selective impairment in cognitive flexibility and WM. Acknowledgments We thank Lucy Chodota for her enthusiasm and invaluable assistance in recruiting the participants of this study. Footnotes Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. References 1. Amphetamine-like effects in humans of the khat alkaloid cathinone.
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People in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula—and people who have emigrated from those areas elsewhere—are the main users of khat. People in those regions have used khat for centuries as part of their cultural traditions and social interactions, and demand for khat has increased in the United States as people from those areas have moved here.
To learn more, check out DrugFacts: Khat. PDF documents require the free Adobe Reader. Skip to main content. Search form. There is no safe level of drug use. Use of any drug always carries some risk. Khat appears to pose a relatively low risk for dependence, but withdrawal symptoms may be experienced if someone stops using khat after they have been using it regularly.
Not sure what you are looking for? Try our intuitive Path2Help tool and be matched with support information and services tailored to you. It is illegal to import khat into Australia for personal use. Last published: November 10,
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